Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences
Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences
Enhanced Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Community Detection Using a Community Strength-Based Mutation Strategy
Section: Computer Keywords: Multi-objective optimization, Evolutionary algorithms, Community detection, Metaheuristic, Hybrid, Social network Community structures are fundamental in understanding the structure and functionality of complex networks. Different optimization algorithms, including both single-objective and multi-objective approaches, have been employed to address the challenge of community detection. Recently, multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) have attracted many researchers to identify communities in static networks. Many algorithms have been proposed to find a solution that achieves a trade-off between exploring new areas of the solution space and improving the quality of existing solutions. In this trade-off is crucial; whereas exploitation improves existing solutions, it may fail to find better solutions from insufficiently explored regions of the solution space. Therefore, mutation in evolutionary algorithms greatly impacts community detection within social networks. Conventional mutation methods usually tend to apply too much randomness, which results in convergence being less precise about finding a suitable optimum solution. This paper introduces a new mutation called community strength enhancement (CSE) to enhance the search efficiency of the Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm with Decomposition (MOEA/D) and speed up the convergence of the suggested algorithm. Moreover, the proposed algorithm overcomes the limitations of traditional MOEA/D by accurately and effectively identifying communities across a wide range of social networks. The enhanced algorithm was evaluated on two groups of datasets (twenty synthetic and four real-world) using normalized mutual information (NMI) and modularity (Q) across five baseline models. Integrating the CSE mutation strategy led to significant improvements in performance, particularly under high mixing parameters and in large-scale networks, as evidenced by increased NMI and modularity scores
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A New Green CFIA/MZT System for Spectrophotometric Determination of Anthranilic Acid
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Anthranilic acid, 4-Amino antipyrine, 2,2`-Bipyridine, Continuous flow-injection analysis merging zones technique, Potassium periodate Anthranilic acid (AA) was determined in pure material via a new system of the CFIA method that involves less chemical consumption (μL), is rapid, semiautomated, simple, and accurate. Two reactions of the AA were conducted; the first, with 4-amino antipyrine and potassium periodate as the oxidizing agent, yielded a pinkish-violet colored product, which was measured at λmax 550 nm. The second reaction, using 2,2`-bipyridine with FeCl3, produced a Pinkish-red product, which was measured at λmax 521 nm. Other chemical and physical factors that affect the stability of the complex products in the suggested process include flow rate, reagent concentration, sample volume, dispersion, and reaction coil. The linearity ranges were (10-400) and (5-150) µg.mL-1, the average recovery percentages were 100.995 and 100.974, while the error percentages were 0.995 and 0.974, respectively. The detection limit values were 1.63 and 0.69 μg.mL-1, respectively. A relative standard deviation of 0.28% and 0.65% was observed, and the sample throughput was 80 and 90 samples/hour, respectively. The devised approach was tested against the conventional method and was shown to be more sensitive. Moreover, a t-test was used to contrast "true value" with "practical value". At the 95% confidence level, it was found that the values were not significantly different.
Continuous flow-injection analysis merging zones technique
Structural and Microstructural Characterization of Cu-Doped NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles Using Williamson-Hall Method
Section: Physics Keywords: CuxNi1-xFe2O4, ferrite nanoparticles, X-ray diffraction, Williamson-Hall In this study report, Cu-doped ferrite nanoparticles (CuxNi1-xFe2O4), which are normally the size of less than 100 nanometers were achieved using the sol-gel method. This method consists of using citric acid as fuel, which leads to auto combustion. In this report, the samples mentioned above will be analyzed using the following techniques (XRD, FESEM, EDX), where X-ray diffraction indicated that the specimens consist of spinel phase with face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. The results showed the lattice constant of the material increased from (8.320) Å to (8.323) Å, which indicated fact that the ionic radius of copper (72) Å has a bigger size than the ionic radius of nickel (69) Å which led to an increase in the lattice constant, the crystal size was measured using Scherrer method with the three Williamson Hall models. First, the Williamson Hall Uniform Deformation Model (UDM), second Williamson Hall Uniform Stress Model (USDM), and third Williamson Hall Uniform Deformation Energy Density Model (UDEDM). All these models adapted to define the characteristics related to stress (σ), internal tendance (ε), and deformation energy density (U). The calculated size was compared by the two methods where the crystal size ranged from (19 - 55) nm, and the phenomenon of crystal expansion due to positive stress was observed through the positive slop that appeared in the Williamson Hall models The sample taken was examined further with it morphology character using the method known field emission scanning electron microscopy This has confirmed that the particle shape to be of spherical or sub-spherical, and the size of particle to be within the nano range. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that no other new elements resulted from this compound
A Numerical Study of Initial and Boundary Conditions Problem for Wave Equation Using the Operational Matrices
Section: Mathematics Keywords: Wave problem; Operational matrices, Orthogonal Polynomials, Approximate solutions In this paper, orthogonal polynomials and their operational matrices will be utilized to address the initial and boundary value problems of the one-dimensional wave problem, where the domain of the space variable is bounded, which covers a variety of scientific and engineering operations. Six types of orthogonal polynomials, Include instead of such as the Genocchi, Bernoulli, Legendre, Boubaker, Chebyshev and Standard polynomials. The linear problem with its initial and boundary conditions are transformed to a linear algebraic equations, which can then be solved by utilizing to get an approximate solution for this problem. Some test problems related to the one-dimensional wave equation with different conditions are discussed and solved to show how reliable and efficient the proposed methods. The error norm and the mean square error , were computed; these are presented through analytical tables and graphics showing the rapid convergence for these methods.
Calculation of Semi-major and Semi-minor Radii and Deformation Parameters for Molybdenum 86-10042Mo Isotopes
Section: Physics Keywords: Electric quadrupole moments, Possibility of electrical transition, Half-life mean-squared, Charge distribution, Radius ˂r2 ˃, Transition probability B (E2;0+→2+) ↑ This study explores the nuclear properties of even-numbered molybdenum () isotopes in the mass range 86 to 100. It focuses on the calculations of fundamental nuclear properties such as distortion coefficients ( and ), electric quadrupole moments (Q₀), root-mean-square charge radii, and reduced transition probabilities B(E2)↑. These calculations were derived using a theoretical framework based on the distorted shell model and implemented in MATLAB. The evaluation also included the identification of the two quasi-nuclear shape axes (major and minor), from which three-dimensional representations of the isotopic shapes were generated.The analysis revealed a gradual decrease in distortion coefficients and transition probabilities with increasing mass number, indicating a trend toward nuclear stability. We observed a significant decrease in distortion near the magic number of neutrons, demonstrating the enhanced stability resulting from closed shells. The results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions and experimental data, providing a deeper understanding of the behavior of molybdenum isotopes and contributing to the expansion of knowledge of nuclear shape evolution, charge distribution, and nuclear transitions in intermediate-mass nuclei.
Study of the Properties of Image Formation by an Optical System Consisting of a Diffractive Lens
Section: Physics Keywords: Diffractive lens, Zemax program, Point spread function, Optical transfer function Diffractive lenses form images based on the principle of light diffraction, unlike conventional lenses that rely on the phenomenon of refraction to form images. Diffractive lenses consist of precisely aligned structures of holes or slits that act as optical gratings. They are arranged to give the lens the optical property of changing the path of incident rays, creating an image pattern similar to that of conventional lenses. This work aims to study the image characteristics formed by diffractive lenses by conducting a computer simulation in the Zemax optical design software. The analysis tools available in the software are then used to study the quality of the resulting image and evaluate the performance of the diffractive lens. The results show that the image characteristics formed by diffractive lenses are similar to those of conventional lenses. These results indicate the image-forming performance of diffractive lenses. This gives designers flexibility in lens design, in terms of the type and number of slits used without the use of spherical surfaces
Green Synthesis and characterization of the ZnO, CuO and ZnO@CuO, Nanoparticles for antibacterial activity
Section: Physics Keywords: Bamboo leaf extract, Biomedical application, ZnO/CuO nanocomposite, Green synthesis, Nanoflower In this study, an extract from bamboo leaves was used to prepare ZnO NPs, CuO NPs, and ZnO/CuO NPs in a safe, efficient, and eco-friendly manner to reduce the toxicity of nanomaterials and their use in medical applications. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized nanoparticles. The average crystalline size was 22 nm for ZnO, 13.8 nm for CuO, and 14.7 nm for the CuO-ZnO composite. ZnO nanoparticles were hexagonal, while CuO nanoparticles were monoclinic. FESEM demonstrated that the produced nanoparticles were formed in various configurations, combining spherical flower shapes with nanorods with sizes ranging from 30 to 60 nm, which promotes the creation of images and nanoparticles. EDX analysis verified that all samples contained the elements that were present (O, Zn, and Cu). UV-Vis was used to calculate the ZnO, CuO, and ZnO/CuO energy gaps are 4.2 eV, 3.08 eV, and (3.26, 3.72 ) eV, respectively. Additionally, the investigation found that the extract from bamboo leaves included functional groups that serve as agents that reduce and cap. Furthermore, ZnO NPs, CuO NPs, and ZnO/CuO nanocomposites showed great stability at 76.8, 57.2, and 71.6, respectively, according to zeta potential. The study revealed that the material demonstrates greater antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria compared to Gram-positive ones
Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of ZrO2 Nanoparticles using Mint Extract
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Microscopy, Photo-catalytic activities, Transmission electron, X-ray diffraction, Zirconium oxide nanoparticles This work describes a green synthesis route for zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) by using Zr sulfate and mint extract. This method is distinguished from other processes (physical and chemical) by its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and low potential risks during preparation. Multiple techniques have been used to characterize and analyze ZrO2 NPs, including Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet visible spectra, crystal size calculation by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron and atomic force microscopes, energy-dispersive X-ray, and Zeta potential. Kinetic stability of the ZrO2 NPs system, as indicated by the Zeta potential of -25.8 mV, suggests a long-term persistence and high surface charge. Finally, photo-catalytic activities of zirconium oxide NPs were examined using methylene blue dye. The results showed that the dye's degradation efficiency under light irradiation was 96.88%, demonstrating its significant photo-catalytic potential. The x-ray diffraction analysis of the crystal size of ZrO2 NPs, using Debye Scherrer's equation, yielded a value of 18.78 nm. The prepared ZrO2 NPs were tetragonal
Nonlinear Dynamics and Stability of a Stage-Structured Predator–Prey System with Fear Factors
Section: Mathematics Keywords: Prey - Predator System, Stage Structure, Holling type, Harvesting, Fear Effect This paper presents the formulation and investigation for a stage-structured prey-predator system. We consider the stage- structure in both prey and predator populations, specifically dividing the population of prey into two distinct groups: immature prey and mature prey. We also divide the predator population into immature and mature groups. We assume that only immature predators are capable of attack, so they consume each immature and mature prey. Additionally, the rate of growth for immature prey based on the amount of mature prey, as immature prey does not have reproductive capability. We applied Holling Type I and Holling Type IV response functions to describe the consumption of immature and mature prey by immature predators, respectively. We conducted a mathematical analysis: boundedness of the solution, the presence of equilibrium points, and both local and global stability of the proposed system with respect to these equilibrium points. We also performed numerical simulations to verify the theoretical results
Development of the Hash Function Using Modified Skew Tent Map to Improve Blockchain Technology
Section: Mathematics Keywords: SHA256, Blockchain, Skew tent chaotic map , NIST randomness tests, Compression function Using SHA256 in the Blockchain system for security purposes, as it is important in linking blocks and preventing tampering efficiently and securely. In order to further confirm the security of SHA256 and protect it and increase its susceptibility to resist threats that it is exposed to in one way or another, its algorithm was developed by utilizing the modified skew tent map (MSTM). The developed SHA256 algorithm (D-SHA256) is distinguished by two essential features: less time and more enhanced security than its predecessor SHA256. This distinction arises from the strongly chaotic behavior and the highly randomness properties of the MSTM. Moreover, the proposed D-SHA256 algorithm consist of 32 rounds while preserving the randomness properties of the compression function by combining 48 hash constants and 48 words with the MSTM to obtain high randomness with less rounds. D-SHA256 guarantees that in the event of small changes that may occur in the input message leading to large changes in the output hash digest, while confirming the preservation of the properties of the cryptographic hash, containing collision resistance and ideal confusion and diffusion. The proposed algorithm was compared with SHA256 and other current hash algorithms, the results showed that D-SHA256 has increased collision resistance, higher output randomness, better cryptographic hashing properties, and lower execution time
Neutron Halo Structure of Unstable Exotic 14B and 18N Nuclei
Section: Physics Keywords: Exotic nuclei, Elastic form factors, Bear-Hodgson, The Skyrme-Hartree-Fock The ground-state properties like the nuclear densities and the root mean square (rms) radii for exotic neutron-rich nuclei 14B and 18N have been investigated using the Skyrme Hartree-Fock and Bear-Hodgson calculations to study the structure of these nuclei. The results of the evaluation are contrasted with the experimental data that is currently available. It found that a common feature of the neutron and matter densities for the above-selected exotic nuclei is the long tail behavior. We assumed that both 14B and 18N have a structure of the core nuclei 13B and 17N plus a valence neutron. It found that the structure of the valence one-neutron of 14B and 18N is a pure Configuration. The elastic charge form factors of the above selected exotic nuclei are evaluated using the plane wave Born approximation and compared with those of their stable isotope 10B and 14N
Study of Nuclear Deformations for Some Nuclei located Near the Nuclear Island of Inversion Region
Section: Physics Keywords: Magnetic moment, Electric quadrupole, Island of inversion, Reduced quadrupole deformation parameter In this work, we have carried out a detailed theoretical analysis of the nuclear deformations of some of the nuclei situated in the vicinity and within the nuclear Island of Inversion. The properties that were studied included the calculation of the magnetic moment and the electric quadrupole moment to gather with reduced quadrupole deformation parameter for even-even isotopes of Ne, Mg, and Si nuclei, to explain the behavior of the nuclei in question, and how much they deviate from the spherical shape in this critical region. All theoretical computations were conducted utilizing the NushellX@MSU shell model code within the sd space with the effective two-body interaction USDC. The comparative analysis with available experimental data revealed that certain theoretical parameterizations produced results in good agreement with experimental values. For instance, the theoretical magnetic moment of 29Si was found to be −0.522, closely matching the experimental value of −0.555, indicating reasonable consistency. Furthermore, noticeable variations were observed in the calculated moments and deformations of the studied nuclei. For example,31Mg exhibited a theoretical magnetic moment of 1.348 compared to the experimental value of −0.883. Additionally, some isotopes displayed very large deformations, which confirms the presence of intricate shell effects due to the increased number of neutrons and the resulting modifications in the internal structure of the nucleus
Reduced quadrupole deformation parameter
The Radical of an Endo-Restricted Bounded Submodule Related to Prime Submodules
Section: Mathematics Keywords: Endo-R.B submodule, Bounded module, Prime Submodule, Scalar module In this paper, we present the concept of the radical of an Endo-Restricted Bounded submodule and establish its characterization, which is regarded as a new notion. In addition, we study the relationship between the radical of submodules and the radical of an Endo-Restricted Bounded submodules and this connection will give us important results in terms of their radical. Furthermore, this article will demonstrate numerous properties and corollaries that elucidate the concept of the Endo-Restricted Bounded submodule's radical. This work includes a new class of T-module as well as a T-submodule called the Endo-Restricted Bounded Module (submodule), written briefly as the Endo-R.B. module (submodule), provided with some examples that illustrate and clarify in a nice way this type of module (submodule). However, our focus will be on the radicals of the endo-R.B. submodule. Prime submodule and scalar module both play a crucial role in many properties that show the relationship between prime submodules and Endo-R.B submodules. Furthermore, some generalizations of prime submodules, such as S-prime submodules, are involved in this research.
Commercial Graphite Flakes as an Adsorbent of Janus Green Dye from Aqueous Solution: Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherms Study
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Graphite, Temkin isotherm, Thermodinamics, X-ray diffraction Commercial graphite (CGT) powder was used as an adsorbent surface for cationic dye, Janus green (JG), from aqueous solutions. This study aims to highlight the practical significance of using inexpensive CGT as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of JG dye from industrial wastewater. CGT was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The adsorption process was investigated by examining parameters like the weight of the adsorbent, contact time, and temperature. Pseudo-second-order kinetic (PSO), pseudo-first-order, and intraparticle diffusion were used for analyzing the kinetic data. JG dye's adsorption kinetics fit the PSO kinetic model well (R2= 0.999). Furthermore, the thermodynamic functions such as entropy (ΔS*), enthalpy (ΔH*), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG*) were evaluated. The positive value of (ΔH*) confirms that the adsorption process is endothermic. Also, the positive value of ΔS* suggests an increase in randomness at the solid-liquid interface during dye adsorption, and non-spontaneous as evidenced by positive ΔG* values of 76.686, 76.130, 75.574, and 75.018 kJ/mol at different temperatures. Two segment-linear plots have been used to describe the intraparticle diffusion analysis of JG adsorption onto CGT, and the plot does not meet the origin point, indicating that the intraparticle diffusion was not the only controlling step. Based on the calculated value of ΔH*= 92.701 kJ/mol, which means that the adsorption is a chemical type. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were studied for their isothermal behavior. Also, the equilibrium state is attained in 45 minutes. At 318.15 K, the maximum removal percentage of JG achieved is 99.96%, indicating that the graphite surface is suitable as an adsorbent surface for removing JG dye in the temperature range studied
Effect of Nano-Zinc Foliar Spraying on Anatomical Characteristics of Soybean (Glycine max) Plants
Section: Biology Keywords: Glycine max, Nano-zinc, Spraying, Anatomy In trendy farming, the use of Nano fertilizers is raising the productivity and strength of different crops by reducing the destructive effects of environmental changes. The current study is the first in Iraq to address anatomical characteristics and the Nanoscale effect on them. In the current study, the effect of Nano zinc oxide on the anatomy features of soybeans was tested. Concentrations of Nano zinc oxide were 0.75 and compared with control plants without spray. after doing the sections and examination, the results showed that the effect of Nano zinc oxide on the vascular bundle in the stem and midrib of leaf, also the length and width of stomata in leaf epidermis compared with control, as the stems of plants sprayed with Nano zinc were in an primary growth stage compared to the control treatment that were in secondary growth. Also, the diameter of bundles in control reached 297.3µ compared with the diameter of bundles treated with Nano zinc, which reached 116.2µ. On the other hand, the diameter of bundles in the midrib reached 135.7µ in the control and 148.1µ in the Nano zinc treatment, so the length and width of the stomata increased in the Nano zinc treatment.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Magnetically Functionalized Silver-Curcumin-Chitosan Nanocomposite using Super Magnetite
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Chitosan, Green chemistry, Magnetite, Nanoparticles, Silver-curcumin Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has gained attention as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional methods, reducing toxicity to the environment and living organisms. This study aims to synthesize a novel nanocomposite (Mag-Chi-Cur-AgNPs) composed of silver NPs (AgNPs) prepared using curcumin (Cur) as a reducing and stabilizing agent, along with chitosan (Chit) and magnetic iron oxide (Mag). Cur-AgNPs were synthesized by dissolving Cur in dimethyl sulfoxide and deionized water, followed by the controlled addition of AgNO3. The solution was stirred, pH-adjusted, ultrasonicated, and incubated. Chit-Cur-Ag nanocomposite was formed by dissolving nanochitosan in acetic acid, mixing it with Cur-AgNPs, then stirring, washing, centrifuging, and drying. Finally, Mag-Chit-Cur-AgNPs were obtained by coating Chit-Cur-AgNPs with magnetic iron oxide. Characterization techniques confirmed the formation of the nanocomposite. The ultraviolet-visible spectrum is used to track synthesis stages and successful formation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to identify bond peaks, verifying molecular changes, in the field. Emission scanning electron microscope analysis measured the nanocomposite size, with particles below 100 nm. X-ray diffraction is used to determine the crystalline structure and dimensions of each component. Magnetic properties were analyzed using a vibrating sample magnetometer, demonstrating high magnetic saturation. This study successfully synthesized and characterized Mag-Chi-Cur-AgNPs using green chemistry. The results confirmed the formation and stability of the nanocomposite, showcasing its potential for future biomedical and technological applications
Preparation and Characterization of rGO/Fe3O4/MnO2 Nanocomposite for Enhanced Removal of Terasil Black Dye in Waste Water Treatment
Section: Chemistry Keywords: Adsorption, Manganese oxide nanoparticles, Reduced graphene oxide, Terasil black dye, Waste water This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of a ternary nanocomposite comprising reduced graphene oxide (rGO), magnetite (Fe3O4), and manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles (NPs). The aim of using it is to remove Terasil Black dye from water, particularly in textile industries. The nanocomposite was created using a co-precipitation method, followed by physical bonding with MnO2 NPs. The structural properties, surface morphology, and elemental composition were evaluated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The XRD results confirmed the presence of an amorphous phase along with distinct diffraction peaks that correspond to specific lattice planes. FESEM images showed irregular particle shapes and significant agglomeration. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of the expected elements. The adsorption isotherms displayed (S) patterns as classified by Giles, suggesting that the dye ions align vertically relative to the nanocomposite's surface. The adsorption process is endothermic and primarily driven by physical interactions, which become more significant at higher temperatures. Analyzing the adsorption data indicates that the Freundlich isotherm model better describes this process, suggesting a non-uniform surface. This model demonstrates that chemical and physical adsorption processes were involved, with their contributions varying across different temperature ranges. The findings provide valuable insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics of dye adsorption on rGO/Fe3O4/MnO2 nanocomposites, which are essential for optimizing their application in waste water treatment.
Adsorption, Manganese oxide nanoparticles, Reduced graphene oxide, Terasil black dye, Waste water
Efficiency of Nano powders of Cloves, Cinnamon, and Turmeric in Ochratoxin A (OTA) production by Penicillium polonicum
Section: Biology Keywords: Penicillium polonicum, , Ochratoxin A , Cloves , Cinnamon , Turmeric , Plant Nano powder The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Nano powders of Cloves, Cinnamon, and Turmeric in inhibiting fungal growth and Ochratoxin a (OTA) production by Penicillium polonicum and reducing the toxin in liquid media. The research highlights the reduction of ochratoxin toxins using environmentally friendly plant Nano powders that are safe for human and animal consumption. They are mainly used in food as flavorings and preservatives. The Nano treatments of cloves, cinnamon, and the mixture (Cloves-Cinnamon-Turmeric) achieved complete inhibition of fungal growth and OTA toxin production by 100% for concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8%). The treatment of Nano Turmeric powder did not inhibit fungal growth at all concentrations. However, it inhibited OTA toxin production by 87 and 92% for concentrations 2 and 4% and by 100% for both concentrations 6 and 8%. In reducing OTA toxin, the mixture (Cloves-Cinnamon-Turmeric) was superior, with reduction rates of 95% for concentration 2% and 100% for concentrations 4, 6, and 8%. It was followed by the treatment of Clove Nano powder with reduction rates of 78, 84, 89, 94, and 100% for concentrations 0.8, 2, 4, 6 and 8% respectively. The treatment of Turmeric Nano powder came in third place in the efficiency of reducing OTA toxin with rates of 74, 79, 83, 87, and 100% for the same concentrations, respectively. As for Cinnamon Nano powder, it showed reduction rates of 68, 71, 79, 85 and 91% for the same concentrations, respectively
The Role of Foliar Nutrition in Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties under Drought Stress
Section: Biology Keywords: Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Peroxidase, Proline, α-Tocopherol, Glycine betaine. Drought stress resulting from the depletion of available water in the soil leads to disturbances in the plant's metabolic processes, reducing productivity due to its decreased ability to absorb water and essential nutrients. This study aimed to evaluate the interactive effects of three bread wheat varieties (Adna 99, Bohooth 22, and Wafia), three drought stress levels (25% control, 50%, and 75% depletion of available water), and foliar application of micronutrients(control) iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (mn) at 100 mg L-¹) and no spraying on agro-biochemical characteristics. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that as drought conditions got worse, from 25% to 75%, the antioxidant activity increased a lot, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) going up by 138.44%, catalase (CAT) by 81.40%, α-tocopherol by 9.88%, and glycine betaine by 11.55%. On the other hand, important factors for crop yield went down during severe drought, with the number of spikes dropping by 23%, grain yield by 20.77%, weight of a thousand grains by 9.25%, biological yield by 11.53%, and harvest index by 16.33%. Among the genotypes tested, Adna 99 performed the best under severe drought when foliar micronutrients were applied, followed by Bohooth 22, while Wafia was very sensitive to both drought and lack of micronutrients. These results suggest that using foliar micronutrients along with drought-resistant genotypes could be an effective way to improve wheat production when water is scarce. Future research should focus on the molecular validation of antioxidant-related gene expression involved in drought tolerance mechanisms.
Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Peroxidase, Proline, α-Tocopherol, Glycine betaine.
Optical and Morphology Properties of Cu2Se at Different Temperatures by Thermal Evaporation
Section: Physics Keywords: Cu2Se thin film, Thermal evaporation technique, Energy gap, XRD, Optical parameters A low-cost thermal evaporation deposition technique has been used for the preparation of Cu2Se thin films on glass substrates at RT with a thickness of 500 nm. Structural and optical properties of these films were investigated. Structural characterization of the films was done using X-ray diffraction XRD analyses, atomic force microscopy AFM was used for the morphological characterization of the film samples, and UV-Vis spectroscopy was also used for the characterization of the samples. The films have been treated at different temperatures (403, 453 &503) K for 1 hour. X-ray diffraction (XRD-with wavelength 1.54 A) study of these films suggests a cubic structure and has prominent (220) orientation. And AFM analysis, it is evident that Cu2se films are polycrystalline, and that crystallite size and average grain size for films after annealing were increasing. The optical absorption coefficient (α) of the films was determined from absorbance spectra in the range of wavelengths (400-1100) nm. The deposited films showed transmittance (∼18%) and a direct band gap of about 2.2 eV. The structure and the optical properties of the films may find practical applications in the field of renewable energy
Combining Circular and Gauss-Markov Mobility Models for FANET Enhancement
Section: Computer Keywords: Mobility Models, FANET, QoS, Gauss-Markov, Ad-hoc networks, superposition, Circular model Nowadays, the effectiveness of Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) has proven their importance in many fields, such as the military, healthcare, entertainment, etc. In such networks, realistic mobility modeling is pivotal for accurately simulating Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) behaviors and their interactions within the network. To achieve this realism and improve network performance metrics of the network, multiple Mobility Models (MMs) can be integrated, allowing UAVs to exhibit complex movement patterns that reflect real-world dynamics. This paper proposes a combination of Circular Mobility (CM) and Gauss-Markov (GM) models (CCGM) in a superposition mobility model to determine the final pattern of the model and how it affects the Quality of Services (QoS). So, the OMNeT++ was used as a simulation tool to achieve this purpose. The QoS used for analyzing the model are End-to-End Delay (E2ED), throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), jitter, and packet loss. The simulation results were introduced and compared with respect to four scenarios. The first two scenarios implied the models independently, while the last two scenarios implied the proposed model (CCGM); each scenario was evaluated with Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) routing protocols. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model (CCGM) outperforms the GM and CM models in terms of E2ED, PDR, throughput, jitter, and packet loss. Consequently, the CCGM model exhibits an average E2ED of best results with a GPSR of 0.009 seconds in scenario 4, while it exhibits the best results in AODV with PDR of 90.82%, throughput of 669614, jitter of 0.021, and packet loss of 9.18% in scenario 4 as well. This indicates that the CCGM model could enhance the QoS and movement realism, making it useful in FANET applications
Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics of Unsaturated Polyester and Epoxy Blend
Section: Physics Keywords: Thermal conductivity, Hardness, Mechanical characteristics, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Epoxy resin and a mixture with unsaturated polyester resin (UPE) were prepared as the matrix materials. The preparation technique included preparing circular and square molds with different weight ratios. Standard samples (40 mm diameter) were prepared for thermal conductivity tests. The results of the thermal conductivity test of the mixture showed that it decreased from (0.014) to (0.013) significantly, which helps in thermal insulation. The decrease in its thermal conductivity means that the structure of the base material is irregular. Hardness test was performed on samples made of epoxy resin with unsaturated polyester resin, and the best hardness reading was (64.5), but when replacing the unsaturated polyester resin with a higher percentage of epoxy resin, the ratio was (30.6), so the value (30.6) is the best hardness value. The test results show that the highest hardness value is (64.5), as for the results of the differential scanning calorimetry measurement. From these curves, it is clear that the value of the glass transition temperature increases from 50 to 179, and the value of the glass transition temperature decreases from 171 to 145.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
The Effect of Scattering of Phonons, Surface and Grain Boundary on electrical Properties for Tungsten Nanometallic
Section: Physics Keywords: Tungsten, Mayadas, Nanometals, Scattering, Resistivity In the context of increasing the use of nanometals in electrical and electronic applications and improving their unique electrical properties, this research explains the effect of the mechanisms of scattering of phonons at room-temperature (293K) in addition to the scattering and reflection of electrons at the surface and at grain boundary on the electrical resistivity of Tungsten metal at different thicknesses. The electrical resistivity of Tungsten was obtained by solving the Boltzmann transport equation which the electron scattering coefficient at the surface (p) is calculated by the Fuch-Sondheimer model, and the grain boundary reflection coefficient (R) by the Mayadas-Shatzkes model were calculated as (p=0.89) and (R=0.18) for Tungsten metal based on the mean of the free path of the electrons. The results showed that there is a linear relationship between the mechanisms of scattering and resistivity, and an inverse relation between electrical resistivity (ρ) and the thickness of the nanometal (d) and extending to a large range of thicknesses. Moreover, the defects of the crystal lattice and the roughness of the surface have an evident impact on the electrical properties of Tungsten metal. In addition, we obtained an excellent consistency between experimental data and theoretical results of electrical resistivity. These results provide important predictions for the use of nano-Tungsten as an interconnection between micro integrated electronic circuits and in various electrical devices
Calculating Properties of Mode for Step-Index Single-Mode Optical Fibers at 1064 nm Wavelength
Section: Physics Keywords: Step-index fibers, Single-mode fibers, RP Fiber Calculator, 1064 nm Wavelength The development in the field of technology has led to an increased need to develop optical fibers due to their ability to transmit information and data with the least amount of attenuation over long distances between city centers. In this research, mode properties calculation for five step-index single-mode optical fibers with core radii of (1.9 - 2.9) μm where the increase in radius is 0.25μm, with core and cladding indices (n1=1.4652, n2=1.458496157), respectively and a numerical aperture of 0.14 has been done at 1064 nm wavelength using RP Fiber Calculator (free version 2025). The fundamental fiber mode properties such as effective area, power propagated in the core, propagation constant and effective refractive index were calculated. Intensity distributions for the mode were shown. It was noted that the effect of increasing the core radius led to an increase in the core power and it was also observed that the propagation constant and effective refractive index increase with the increase in the radius of the core. It was obtaining percentage power more than 50%. Results of this work will be useful in the design of optical fibers. Results from the calculator were compared with those calculated from equations and with previous study and it was concluded that all calculated properties are in good agreement
Effect of Thermal Neutron Irradiation on the Electrical Properties of Lead-Selenium Substituted S70Se30-XPbX Chalcogenide Glasses
Section: Physics Keywords: Melting point, Radiation dose, Thermal neutron radiation, Electrical properties, Electron hopping, Electrical conductivity This study included the effect of thermal neutron radiation and partial replacement of selenium with lead for S70Se30-xPbx alloy samples with different lead concentrations (x = 0 and 5) prepared by the melting point technique. The samples were examined before and after thermal neutron irradiation for seven days with Am241−Be9 radioactive source, with a radiation dose of . Continuous electrical conductivity analysis revealed changes in all samples, attributed to the rearrangement of the crystal structure caused by radiation-induced disturbances. These changes led to modifications in the electrical properties of the irradiated samples compared to the non-irradiated ones. compared to the non-irradiated ones. Three different conduction mechanisms were found. At low temperatures, the electron transition occurred via electron hopping between localized states close to the Fermi energy. At intermediate temperatures, the conduction occurred via electron hopping between localized levels between the tails of the conduction and valence bands. The electrons moved through extended levels within the two bands at high temperatures. The results indicated that the calculated densities of extended, localized, and Fermi-level states underwent significant changes due to thermal neutron radiation and partial substitution
Study and Investigation of the Charge Transfer Rate Production in N3-Senstized Dye Contact with ZnS Semiconductor System
Section: Physics Keywords: Effective driving force, N3 dye, ZnS Semiconductor, Charge transfer In this work, the rate of charge transfer (CT) reaction at the N3-ZnS interface was calculated using a quantitative computational model to evaluate the efficiency of N3-ZnS heterojunction dye-sensitized solar cell devices using different types of solvents. This work discussed the influence of the effective driving energy force on the charge transport rate and performance of N3-ZnS devices with various solvents based on a donor-acceptor model. A solar cell model was used to study the optical efficiency when changing some of its parameters, such as the type of material and the thickness of the film, as they are important factors influencing the quality of the solar cell. It was found that the transition energy varies with different solvent types depending on the dielectric constant, refractive index of the solvent, and the semiconductor, the electron transfer rate increased when the effective driving force value decreased to ∆0 =0.22 (eV) at the same temperature and charge carrier concentration, where the maximum value of the electron transfer rate for chloroform solvent was (1.0622E-06).
Preparation and Study of Undoped and Al-Doped on The Structure and the Optical Properties of In₂S₃ Thin Film
Section: Physics Keywords: Chalcopyrite semiconductors, n- In2S3, Al Doped Thin film, XRD, AFM, Band gaps In2S3, Thin film Undoped and aluminum-doped In2S3 chalcopyrite semiconductor thin films are deposited on glass substrates using the thermal evaporation process under a vacuum of 1.6×10^-5 mbar, achieving a thickness of 500 nm. This study examines the impact of varying Al ratios of 0.0, 0.02 and 0.04 on properties of Al-doped In2S3 thin film. The structural characteristics of In2S3 thin films were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), revealing that the In2S3 film exhibits a polycrystalline structure and stable tetragonal β-In2S3, with a preferred orientation of (109) at 2θ = 27.3. Furthermore, AFM is examining the exterior morphology of the film, revealing that both surface roughness and average diameter escalate with higher Al ratios, hence augmenting the crystallite size of the thin films. The UV/Vis spectrophotometer analyzed the optical properties of In2S3 films, revealing a maximum absorbance of 90% in the visible spectrum and a minimum transmittance. The films exhibited a bandgap that decreased by 0.04 for each ratio of Al, ultimately reaching a minimum value of Semiconductors In2S3 possess straight band gaps of 2.05, 1.98, and 1.95 eV, respectively. The computed optical constant encompasses the refractive index and the extinction coefficient. Real and imaginary components of the dielectric constant.
Effect of Cerium Ion on Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of Ni-Zn Ferrites Prepared by Solid State Reaction Method
Section: Physics Keywords: Mixed ferrite , Dielectric constant, microstructure, Rare-earth doping In this work, the Nickel and zinc Ferrite Ni0.5Zn0.5 Fe2O4 +XCeO2 in purity and purity structure were prepared at multi–concentration X (0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15, and 0.20) using the solid state interaction method at a temperature (1000 °C) for four hours in air. The XR-diffraction shows that the prepared powder samples have a spinal structure at single cubic phase. The lattice parameters were decreasing from 8.331 to 8.3021 with increasing concentration of cerium's Ionic Ce4+, also the crystal volume for purity samples is larger than in purity samples, decreasing from (578.217 to 571.993) A°3 with increasing concentration. However, the real and imaginary dielectric constants were measured for both pure and in purity samples by Ce4+. The dielectric constant shows that up to down decreases with increasing frequency. However, the x-ray density was increasing from 6.887 g/cm3 to 6.963 g/cm3 with increasing concentration. The conductivity of alternating current for preparing the sample increased firstly with frequency and remained constant, then a constant behavior was observed at higher frequencies. The microscopic pharmaology structure using the tunneling electron microscopy, that which particles have a spherical structure.
Development of Some Physical Properties of Cadmium Telluride Coatings Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis
Section: Physics Keywords: Physical characteristics, Spray pyrolysis technique, Cadmium telluride For this work, the spray pyrolysis technique is employed to create uniform thin films of cadmium telluride (CdTe) at 350°C on glass substrates. For optical and structural examination, the films that were deposited undergo annealing at 573 K and 723 K. In an air atmosphere, before being examined using an XRD, a microscopy force atomic (AFM), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The film's cubic structure and polycrystalline nature were demonstrated by the XRD tests with preferred orientation (111), and temperatures for annealing improve crystalline speed. Crystallite size and microstrain were among the microstructural metrics that were computed with an increase in annealing temperatures; it was found that the microstrain decreased and the crystallite size increased. In the transmittance's strong absorption region, the basic optical parameters, including the band gap and absorption coefficient, were computed. The optical transition in these coatings was discovered to be a direct transfer, while the energy band gap is shown to decrease with annealing, while increases in optical absorbance.
Detection and Identification of Dental Caries Using Segmentation Techniques
Section: Computer Keywords: Image Processing, Machine learning, Teeth detection, Dental caries, Segmentation, Medical Image Segmentation, U-Net Dental caries, also named tooth decay, is a major issue for oral health and is caused by bacteria in dental plaque. Detecting caries early on is essential for preventing further damage. Because caries are often small, they can lead to unnecessary treatments or missed diagnoses. This study tackles the challenge of spotting dental caries using color image analysis. We tested both traditional methods—like Quickshift, Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) superpixels, and k-means clustering—combined in the Multi-Step Segmentation with K-Means (MSS-KM) approach, as well as a more advanced deep learning method using YOLOv12 for segmentation. The evaluation of the performance of these methods based on accuracy, precision, recall, mean average precision (mAP), and F1-score. The results were impressive, showing that YOLOv12 clearly outperforms MSS-KM in terms of accuracy. YOLOv12 achieved an accuracy of 98.12%, while MSS-KM was at 96.79%. In addition to accuracy, YOLOv12 had excellent precision (99.6%), recall (98.1%), and an F1-score of 0.99, while MSS-KM came in at 88.5% for precision, 91% for recall, and an F1-score of 89.1%. YOLOv12 also had a mAP of 99.5%, compared to MSS-KM's 99.3%. These results clearly show that YOLOv12 is more accurate and reliable for detecting dental caries than MSS-KM. While the MSS-KM method still has value, particularly for traditional segmentation techniques, the model showed strong potential for practical use in clinical settings. The consistent training setup contributed to stable performance, while the comparison with traditional methods highlighted how modern deep learning approaches can significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy. These results not only support the use of YOLOv12 for early caries detection but also suggest that such AI models could become valuable tools in improving patient outcomes and reducing unnecessary treatments